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youth unemployment
Youth unemployment is the unemployment of young people, defined by the United Nations as 14–28 years old.〔(UN World Youth Report 2012”. The UN Focal Point for Youth, 2012 )〕 An unemployed person is defined as someone who does not have a job but is actively seeking work. In order to qualify as unemployed for official and statistical measurement, the individual must be without employment, willing and able to work, of the officially designated 'working age' and actively searching for a position. Youth unemployment rates are historically four to five times more than the adult rates in every country in the world.〔Morsy, Hanan. 2012. ("Scarred Generation." ) ''Finance and Development'' 49(1).〕 In 2012, youth made up to 40% of the world unemployed, with a global youth unemployment rate of 12.6%.〔(Working with Youth: Addressing the Youth Employment Challenge. May, 2012. Geneva: International Labour Organization )〕 Close to 75 million youth were unemployed worldwide.〔(Global Unemployment Trends for Youth, ILO, 2012 )〕 In November 2011, the number of unemployed youth in the United Kingdom exceeded one million for the first time in the past 19 years.〔(Eurostat ), November 2011〕 In Spain, youth unemployment has doubled since 2008 and now stands at 46%.〔 In the OECD as a whole, 15 million young people〔(OECD, Employment Outlook, 2011 )〕 are unemployed representing around $300 billion in lost wages alone, over a full year.〔Assuming they would have earned around $20,000 per year. (Education to employment: Designing a system that works ), McKinsey, 2013〕
== Background ==
There are 1.2 billion youth in the world aged between 15 and 24, accounting for 17% of the world's population.〔 87% of them live in developing countries〔 The age range defined by the United Nations 〔 addresses the period when mandatory schooling ends until the age of 24. This definition remains controversial as it not only impacts unemployment statistics but also plays an important role in the targeted solutions designed by policy makers in the world.
Two main debates are ongoing today. First, defining the age range of youth is not as obvious as it seems. Two theoretical perspectives have dominated this debate. Youth can be seen as a stage in life between adolescence and adulthood or as a socially constructed group with its own sub-culture, making it difficult to establish a comparable age range between countries. Second, the definition of unemployment itself leads to the possibility of not accounting for a number of young people left out of work. Those who do not have a job and are not actively seeking work – oftentimes women〔(Youth and Skills: Putting Education to Work ), UNESCO, 2012〕 - are considered inactive and are therefore excluded in unemployment statistics. Their inclusion would substantially increase the unemployment rate.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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